{"id":926,"date":"2015-04-15T04:52:16","date_gmt":"2015-04-15T04:52:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/bizimkokpit.com\/?p=926"},"modified":"2015-06-05T04:53:31","modified_gmt":"2015-06-05T04:53:31","slug":"adf-ve-ndb-nedir-adf-automatic-direction-finder-ve-ndb-non-directional-beacon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bizimkokpit.com\/index.php\/2015\/04\/15\/adf-ve-ndb-nedir-adf-automatic-direction-finder-ve-ndb-non-directional-beacon\/","title":{"rendered":"ADF ve NDB nedir? ADF (AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER) VE NDB (NON DIRECTIONAL BEACON)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/bizimkokpit.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/ndb-quadrant.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-medium wp-image-927 alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/bizimkokpit.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/ndb-quadrant-300x300.png\" alt=\"ndb-quadrant\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bizimkokpit.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/ndb-quadrant-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/bizimkokpit.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/ndb-quadrant-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/bizimkokpit.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/ndb-quadrant-200x200.png 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>Genel anlamda bu sistemler bir elektromanyetik dalgan\u0131n yay\u0131lma y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn radyoelektrik olarak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi prensibine dayan\u0131r. Pratikte dalgan\u0131n yay\u0131nland\u0131\u011f\u0131 vericinin y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesidir. Havac\u0131l\u0131ktaki uygulamalar\u0131 iki \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>Y\u00f6n Bulucu (VDF, VHF Directional Finder) : Verici u\u00e7ak \u00fczerindedir. VHF band\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan dalga, VHF band\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve kule \u00fczerinde bulunan VDF (VHF Directional Finder) cihaz\u0131 yard\u0131m\u0131yla kule operat\u00f6r\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan okunur ve u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n kuleye g\u00f6re y\u00f6n\u00fc saptan\u0131r. Daha sonra bu bilgi tekrar VHF band\u0131nda pilota iletilir. VDF sistemi bir ATC radar ekran\u0131 \u00fczerindeki radar cevaplar\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131lmas\u0131na yard\u0131m etmek, u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 istasyona y\u00f6nlendirmek, u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n istasyona veya istasyonun u\u00e7a\u011fa g\u00f6re pozisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 vermek, baz\u0131 daha geli\u015fmi\u015f t\u00fcrlerinde u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n meydana ini\u015fini sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131l\u0131r. 30 Hz.\u2019lik iki sinyal aras\u0131ndaki faz fark\u0131 yay\u0131n yapan vericinin y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc belirler. Ayr\u0131ca 300-3000 Hz. frekansl\u0131 ses sinyali ve 30 Hz\u2019lik iki sinyal ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 VHF frekans\u0131 ile ayn\u0131 anda mod\u00fcle edilir. Al\u0131c\u0131da tekrar bu iki i\u015faret de-mod\u00fcle edilerek gerekli yerlere (g\u00f6sterge, hoparl\u00f6r vb.) verilir. Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 frekans\u0131 118-136 MHz aras\u0131nda se\u00e7ilir. 121,5 MHz acil durum (emercensi) frekans\u0131 olarak se\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir. Hata pay\u0131 birka\u00e7 derecedir.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>VDF sisteminin ula\u015fabilece\u011fi menzil D NM = 1,25 ( \u221aHT + \u221aHR ) form\u00fcl\u00fc ile bulunur. Ancak menzil ayn\u0131 zamanda u\u00e7aktaki vericinin g\u00fcc\u00fcne de ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Hata pay\u0131 5-100\u2019dir. Maliyeti d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck, bak\u0131m\u0131 ve kurulmas\u0131 kolayd\u0131r. U\u00e7ak \u00fczerinde kule ile haberle\u015fme ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda herhangi bir g\u00f6sterge veya ek te\u00e7hizata gerek yoktur. Dezavantajlar\u0131 ise bilginin s\u00fcreksizli\u011fi, yerde bir operat\u00f6re ihtiya\u00e7 g\u00f6stermesi, bilginin orta do\u011frulukta olmas\u0131 ve sistem kapasitesinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>U\u00e7ak Bordo Sistemi (ADF Automatic Direction Finder): Bir yer istasyonundan LF\/MF band\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan elektromanyetik dalga, ADF (Automatic Direction Finder) cihaz\u0131 yard\u0131m\u0131yla al\u0131narak y\u00f6n bilgisi bordodaki g\u00f6stergeler (ADF, RMI g\u00f6stergeleri) vas\u0131tas\u0131yla pilota bildirilir (QDM,QDR bilgisi yani istikamet a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 ve geri istikamet a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131). ADF radyo istikamet bulucusu, u\u00e7aktan bir radyo g\u00f6ndermecine olan y\u00f6n\u00fc belirtmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir radyo almac\u0131d\u0131r. Transist\u00f6rl\u00fc radyonun baz\u0131 istikametlerde zay\u0131f sinyal almas\u0131na benzer. ADF ibresi antenin yay\u0131n hatt\u0131na dik oldu\u011fu sessizlik durumunu g\u00f6sterir. U\u00e7aklar\u0131n yay\u0131n yapan yer istasyonlar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak y\u00f6n bulmas\u0131 imkan\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan bir seyr\u00fcsefer yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. LF ve MF band\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bu sistem u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n bulundu\u011fu pozisyona g\u00f6re istasyonun y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6sterir.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>NDB (Non Directional Beacon) ve L (locator) olmak \u00fczere iki t\u00fcr yer istasyonu vard\u0131r. Sistemin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma frekans\u0131 200-1750 kHz. aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fir. \u0130letimde genlik mod\u00fclasyonu kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma prensibi VDF ile ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Her yer istasyonu mors kodunda iki \u00fc\u00e7 harfli tan\u0131t\u0131m sinyali g\u00f6nderir. NDB i\u00e7in dakikada 2 defa , L (Localizer) i\u00e7in dakikada 6 defa tan\u0131t\u0131m sinyali yay\u0131nlan\u0131r. ADF sistemi normal u\u00e7u\u015fta, yakla\u015fmada ve her u\u00e7u\u015f seviyesinde kullan\u0131labilir. NDB daha \u00e7ok seyr\u00fcsefer s\u0131ras\u0131nda, L (Localizer) ise yakla\u015fmalarda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Locator\u2019un verici g\u00fcc\u00fc 10-50 W, NDB\u2019nin ise 1-5 kW seviyesindedir. Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak da locator\u2019un menzili 15-25 NM, NDB\u2019nin genelde 50-100 NM d\u00fczeyindedir.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>Sistem hatas\u0131 \u00b1 5 derecedir. \u00d6zellikle geceleri hata miktar\u0131 yukar\u0131da belirtilen de\u011ferlere ula\u015fabilir. Orajl\u0131 havalarda g\u00fcvenilmez. \u00c7evredeki manyetik alanlar as\u0131l sinyalin genli\u011fini bozarak parazitli almaya ve zay\u0131f i\u015farlara sebep olur. Ayn\u0131 frekanstaki daha kuvvetli istasyonun yerini g\u00f6sterir.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>NDB\u2019 de g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde deniz \u00fczerinde 430 NM, kara \u00fczerinde 330 NM\u2019 ye, geceleri ise deniz \u00fczerinde 160 NM, kara \u00fczerinde 125 NM\u2019 ye kadar sinyalin ula\u015fmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Locator genelde pist orta hatt\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilir ve son yakla\u015fma yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>U\u00e7ak \u00fczerindeki al\u0131c\u0131 anten bir dikd\u00f6rtgen \u00e7er\u00e7eve \u015feklindedir. Anten gelen sinyale paralel ise maksimum, dik ise minimum g\u00fc\u00e7te bir sinyal ind\u00fcklenir.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>Sistemin performans\u0131n\u0131 yani do\u011fruluk ve menzilini etkileyen hata kaynaklar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da verilmi\u015ftir.<\/div>\n<div>(1) Da\u011f Etkisi (Mountain Effect): \u00d6zellikle da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerde ayn\u0131 istasyondan g\u00f6nderilen sinyalin hem do\u011frudan hem de da\u011flardan yans\u0131yarak ula\u015fmas\u0131 sonucu al\u0131nan bilgide bozulma meydana gelmesi olay\u0131d\u0131r. (\u015eekil 2-3)<\/div>\n<div>(2) Gece Etkisi (Night Effect): \u00d6zellikle geceleri g\u00f6k dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n etkin olmas\u0131 sebebiyle ayn\u0131 istasyondan g\u00f6nderilen sinyalin hem do\u011frudan hem de g\u00f6k dalgas\u0131 \u015feklinde al\u0131c\u0131ya ula\u015fmas\u0131 sonucu al\u0131nan bilginin bozulmas\u0131d\u0131r. (fading olay\u0131)<\/div>\n<div>(3) K\u0131y\u0131 Etkisi (Coastal Effect) : Radyo dalgas\u0131 karada yay\u0131l\u0131rken deniz \u00fczerinde yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flarsa sinyal k\u0131r\u0131lmaya u\u011frar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla radyo dalgas\u0131 u\u00e7a\u011fa do\u011frudan ula\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in pozisyon bilgisinin do\u011frulu\u011fu azal\u0131r. Sinyal karadan denize ne kadar dik bir a\u00e7\u0131yla girerse olu\u015facak hata miktar\u0131 o oranda d\u00fc\u015fer. K\u0131y\u0131 hatlar\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck a\u00e7\u0131larda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck frekansl\u0131 radyo dalgalar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131rabilir. Bu hadiseyi k\u0131y\u0131 hatt\u0131ndan 300 ve daha b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u00e7\u0131larla sinyal verecek istasyonlar\u0131 kullanarak minimize edebilirsiniz.<\/div>\n<div>(4) Atmosferik Etki: ADF sistemi LF ve MF band\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in havan\u0131n statik parazitlerinden b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilenir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla k\u00f6t\u00fc hava \u015fartlar\u0131nda al\u0131nan bilginin do\u011frulu\u011fu da d\u00fc\u015fer.<\/div>\n<div>(5) Di\u011fer \u0130stasyonlarla Sinyal Kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131: NDB istasyonlar\u0131na olan yo\u011fun talep ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 frekans band\u0131 sebebiyle ayn\u0131 frekansta yay\u0131n yapan ve birbirine yak\u0131n istasyonlar\u0131n kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 kolayd\u0131r.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>Sistemin basit ve ucuz olmas\u0131, VDF\u2019e g\u00f6re statik parazitlerden daha az etkilenmesi ve g\u00fcn boyunca g\u00f6k dalgalar\u0131 hakim olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in sinyal kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve fading olay\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclmemesi ADF sisteminin avantajlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>Sistemin meteorolojik \u015fartlara duyarl\u0131 olmas\u0131, fading olay\u0131 sebebiyle \u00f6zellikle geceleri al\u0131nan bilgiye g\u00fcvenilememesi ve dikey olarak \u00b1 450\u2019lik b\u00f6lgede sessizlik konisi bulunmas\u0131 ise dezavantajlar\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>Faydalan\u0131lan Kaynaklar: KARAKU\u015e G\u00f6khan, Radyo Seyr\u00fcsefer, Ankara, 2002.<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Genel anlamda bu sistemler bir elektromanyetik dalgan\u0131n yay\u0131lma y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn radyoelektrik olarak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi prensibine dayan\u0131r. Pratikte dalgan\u0131n yay\u0131nland\u0131\u011f\u0131 vericinin y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesidir. Havac\u0131l\u0131ktaki uygulamalar\u0131 iki \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Y\u00f6n Bulucu (VDF, VHF Directional Finder) : Verici u\u00e7ak \u00fczerindedir. VHF band\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan dalga, VHF band\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve kule \u00fczerinde bulunan VDF (VHF Directional Finder) cihaz\u0131 yard\u0131m\u0131yla kule operat\u00f6r\u00fc<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":927,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[77],"tags":[92,93],"class_list":["post-926","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-temel-bilgiler","tag-adf","tag-ndb"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bizimkokpit.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/926","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bizimkokpit.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bizimkokpit.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bizimkokpit.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bizimkokpit.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=926"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/bizimkokpit.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/926\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":928,"href":"https:\/\/bizimkokpit.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/926\/revisions\/928"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bizimkokpit.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/927"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bizimkokpit.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=926"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bizimkokpit.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=926"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bizimkokpit.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=926"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}